close X

Archives for February 2017

02/8/2017

Defining a “Record” under FOIA

The Freedom of Information Act has provided the public with access to federal agency records since the mid-1960s.  As hard as it may be to believe, the definition of a “record” is still not established.  There has been a great deal of litigation over the definition of an “agency record” (as opposed to, for example, a congressional record or a personal record), as those are the only types of records that are accessible through FOIA.[1]  But the antecedent question—what exactly is a “record”—has not been litigated.

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit recognized this gap in its important decision last year in American Immigration Lawyers Association v. Executive Office for Immigration Review (“AILA”).[2]  In that case, the circuit court held that agencies may not use “non-responsive” as a redaction tool to withhold information within an otherwise responsive record.  I discussed that issue in a previous post titled There is No Tenth Exemption.  The circuit court, however, did not define a “record” in that case.

Cause of Action Institute filed a FOIA request with the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) to determine how it would respond to AILA and how it would attempt to define a “record.”  We asked for an email chain that the agency had previously produced to us with most of the information redacted as non-responsive.  In making this second request, we specifically asked for the entire email chain and drew the DOJ’s attention to the AILA decision.  Instead of removing the offending “non-responsive” redactions, however, the DOJ contended that each email in the chain—and in fact each header of each email—was a separate record.  The agency then withheld those supposedly separate records as “non-responsive.”  Compare the full original here and the full re-produced record here.  This approach makes a mockery of AILA; so we filed suit.  

Today, CoA Institute filed its Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment arguing among other matters that the DOJ’s approach to defining a record is untenable.  The DOJ has taken the position, in recently issued guidance from its Office of Information Policy, that the interplay between the subject matter of the request and the content of agency documents define the “nature of a FOIA record” in response to that request.  The agency’s position, in other words, is that a FOIA record is defined—indeed, that the “record” comes into being—through the process of reading and interpreting a request and then searching for and analyzing agency documents to find those portions that contain responsive information.

As we note in our Cross-Motion (pages 25-28), this approach has several problems.  First, it has no basis in the statute.  Second, it conflicts with the rule that requesters may only seek access to records that are already in existence when the request is submitted.  Third, it means that the same, single document could be one record in response to one request, but ten records in response to another.  Finally, it conflicts with one of the venue provisions in FOIA’s judicial review section, rendering it a nullity.

CoA Institute instead proposed its own definition of a record (pages 22-25) that is based on the statute, harmonizes with existing FOIA statutory and case law, and promotes disclosure.  Our approach takes into account that agencies already have material containing information (whether documents, video files, electronic files, etc.) in their control before a request is submitted, that this material exists in a particular form and format, and that agencies must disclose such material as a unit whenever the informational content is responsive to a request (subject to FOIA’s nine exemptions, of course).  Thus, our “complete and proper definition of a ‘record’ under the FOIA is (1) any material containing information, (2) created or obtained by an agency, (3) within an agency’s control when a request is submitted, and (4) in its full native form and format as maintained by an agency at the time of a request, ‘i.e., as a unit’” (page 25).

We also urged the court to continue the practice of denying agencies any deference to their interpretations of FOIA’s statutory terms (pages 19-21).

Click here for the complete filing.

Click here for There is No Tenth Exemption, a previous post in this series.

Update: On October 10, 2017, the district court found the case was moot and did not reach the underlying issues discussed in this post.

James Valvo is Counsel & Senior Policy Advisor at Cause of Action Institute. You can follow him on Twitter @JamesValvo.

 

[1] See Department of Justice v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136 (1989).

[2] 830 F.3d 667 (D.C. Cir. 2016).

Media, Blog, FOIA Learn More
02/6/2017

This Fisherman Is Battling the Government to Save His Livelihood

The New England and Mid-Atlantic fishing industry is older than the Nation itself. The industry’s regulators, however, have embarked on a project that threatens its imminent destruction.

Meet New Hampshire fisherman David Goethel. The federal government is destroying Mr. Goethel’s industry through overregulation and forcing ground-fishermen like himself to pay $700 per day to have authorities monitor them on their boats. Even the government estimates these additional costs would put 60% of the industry out of business. Cause of Action Institute is helping Mr. Goethel fight back through the courts to save his livelihood. Learn more HERE

#FreeTheFishermen

Blog Learn More
02/3/2017

Pitfalls of Politicization

Disregard of legal standards that apply to everyone to achieve immediate political goals is never good. Politicization tends towards pernicious, unpredictable results.  It is particularly erosive when it infects the administration of justice.  Developments in Texas v. United States, a federal case testing the limits of the President’s and Congress’s authority to set immigration policy, demonstrate just how—and how much—politicization can undermine the rule of law.

Back in May 2016, Judge Andrew Hanen of the Southern District of Texas found that lawyers representing the United States made a series of misstatements to the court and the 26 plaintiff States and that those lawyers knew the truth when they spoke. In 2014 and 2015 those lawyers misrepresented, among other things, timing under an executive order that expanded an immigration program to millions of additional persons, most of whom were parents of children born here as citizens, for whom permissible work periods were expanded to three years. Arising from the interplay of immigration, constitutional, and administrative law, the legal issues in Texas v. United States were complex.

But the problematic misrepresentations by the Justice Department’s lawyers were straightforward. The lawyers for the United States said that the immigration authorities wouldn’t start implementing the program before February 2015.  That led the court and 26 States to forego extraordinary proceedings for emergency relief that might have resulted in a restraining order expressly preventing implementation by the federal government.  The same lawyers also misrepresented how many three-year extensions were at issue, and the government granted over 100,000 before the truth came out in court. “[T]he Justice Department lawyers knew the true facts and misrepresented those facts to the citizens of the 26 Plaintiff States, their lawyers and this Court on multiple occasions.”   The misrepresentations enabled the government to do broadly what could have been expressly restrained.

The court, quite reasonably, asked Why? The DOJ gave several reasons, none sufficient.   The scores of government lawyers working on the case “lost focus” on the facts which had “receded in memory or awareness.”  That excuse gives away the cake:  it admits a breach of every lawyer’s duty of competence.  The government’s other excuse was that many lawyers were responsible for the case, spread across multiple agencies.  The government’s disingenuous conclusion was that any remedy should only apply to the handful of lawyers who appeared in court.  Two weeks ago, on the last full day of the Obama administration, the government lost.  The court ruled, “[a]t the very least, the Justice Department should, in an organized manner, require its attorneys to review and understand each state’s ethical rules before those attorneys appear in that state. This is a minimum requirement.”

Indeed, the court’s requirement is, if anything, too minimal and the Justice Department escaped by the skin of its teeth the Court’s more fulsome wrath from May. Commentators who previously administered Justice in prior Republican and Democratic administrations, however, suggest a more plausible, but still insufficient, reason for the misconduct:  politicization at the Department of Justice.   That should trouble everyone, regardless of party affiliation.

The federal government’s omission of facts that have “receded” or “lost focus” in the service of a legal victory for its current political masters must never be acceptable, minimized, or considered “normal” mistakes, regardless of their complexity. Current events show why.  The most troubling aspects of Texas v. United States arose during the Obama administration.  But headlines during the first weeks of the Trump administration reveal the political staying power of at least four horsemen: Executive Orders, judicial review, immigration, and administration representations. Politicization will undermine the validity of them all.

Mike Geske is counsel at Cause of Action Institute

Blog, Media Learn More
02/3/2017

Sec. Vilsack followed ethics guidelines when negotiating his future employment

Under the Obama administration, we at Cause of Action Institute have not had many opportunities to applaud public officials for taking it upon themselves to adhere to applicable ethics standards.  This week, we learned that U.S. Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) Secretary Tom Vilsack appears to be an outlier for the administration.

On January 18, 2017, Cause of Action Institute submitted a Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) request to USDA after media reports indicated that Sec. Vilsack apparently began negotiating for private employment while still serving in government, triggering federal ethics laws.  Sec. Vilsack then retired from his government role a week before his term concluded.

The Stop Trading on Congressional Knowledge Act of 2012 (“STOCK Act”) states that Executive Branch employees who are required to file public financial reports may not directly negotiate for future employment unless the individual’s ethics office is notified in writing within three business days after negotiations begin.

According to un-redacted records provided to Cause of Action Institute on January 31, 2017, less than two weeks after our FOIA request, Secretary Vilsack appears to have alerted his agency’s ethics office and properly followed all ethics guidelines when he decided to pursue his next employment opportunity.

We wish the Secretary the best in his new role and hope USDA continues to provide timely responses to all future FOIA requests.

John Vecchione is acting president of Cause of Action Institute

 

Media, Blog Learn More
02/3/2017

CoA Institute Investigates EPA Employees Using Electronic Messaging Apps to Thwart Transparency

Washington D.C. – Cause of Action Institute (“CoA Institute”) has filed a Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) request after recent media reports identified a number of career EPA employees possibly using an encrypted electronic messaging app called “Signal” to communicate about work-related issues, including how to prevent political appointees from “undermin[ing] their agency’s mission to protect public health and the environment” or “delet[ing] valuable scientific data.”

“It appears that some employees at the EPA may be using encrypted apps on their phones to avoid transparency laws in an effort to conceal their communications from internal and external oversight,” said CoA Assistant Vice President Henry Kerner. “Under the Federal Records Act, the EPA has a legal obligation to preserve all records made by employees working on official government business.  This obligation is all the more important if EPA employees are using personal cellular devices or private accounts for such purposes.  These messages must also be made available under the Freedom of Information Act.  Agency leadership, Congress, and the public have a right to know if federal employees are using encrypted electronic messages to evade transparency.”

It is unknown whether these employees discuss work related issues on Signal using their EPA-issued or personal devices. Under the Federal Records Act, the EPA has a legal obligation to preserve records evidencing employees working on government business, no matter the medium of their communication. CoA Institute is submitting this Freedom of Information Act request and notifying Acting Administrator McCabe of her obligation under the Federal Records Act to ensure that all work-related Signal messages are retained or retrieved by the EPA.

The full FOIA can be found here.

 

 

Media, Press Release Learn More
02/1/2017

Read Mark Steyn’s Comments on CoA Institute’s Amicus Curiae Brief

Last week, Cause of Action Institute filed an amicus curiae brief on behalf of Dr. Judith A. Curry. Read Mark Steyn’s rundown of the brief here.

The brief itself can be found here.

February 28, 2017 Update:

Today, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals ordered Michael Mann to file a response to the Competitive Enterprise Institute’s petition for rehearing en banc.  This is a good sign that the court is taking the petition seriously and digging into the issues.  We hope that they grant the petition and overturn the panel.

Press Release, Media Learn More